Savior Sibling Ethical Dilemmas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 979 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical dilemmas present themselves every day, especially within the healthcare field. Over the years, there has been the development of different viewpoints on how to navigate through these dilemmas. In this paper, the ethical issue commonly referred to as savior sibling will be discussed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Savior Sibling Ethical Dilemmas" essay for you Create order A savior sibling is an individual who is conceived through in vitro fertilization for the sole purpose of being a donor to a sick child. During the process of conceiving a savior sibling, fertilized eggs are tested for genetic compatibility using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and only eggs that are compatible with the existing child that is sick are selected. This process has also led to many questions including if it is ethical to dispose of all of the other embryos that were not compatible with the existing child. Since the first savior sibling was born in the United States in 2000, there have been varying viewpoints and stances regarding this ethical dilemma. The ethical problem will be dissected by looking at it through the utilitarian viewpoint as well as the deontological viewpoint. Utilitarian Viewpoint The question of whether or not it is ethically correct to conceive a child for the purposes of the child being a donor for a child that is sick is one that still debated today. The utilitarian ethical approach supports that decisions should be made in regard to what is best for most people. This approach is fixed in the assumption that the right decision is made if it leads to a balance of good consequences or to the least amount of bad consequences. (Jacob and Cherry, 2017). From the utilitarian stance, the conception of a child that will be either an organ, bone marrow or cell transplant donor to a child that is sick is right because it will result in the sick child being treated or cured. In a case similar to the Nash family, the health authorities in the U.K. approved of the authorization of the creation of a savior sibling to cure the illness of a child. The U.K. health authorities deemed the conception of the child therapeutic because the family would be selecting an embryo tha t would be free from the genetic disease of the existing child (Zuniga-Fajuri, 2018). The utilitarian ethics theory focuses on making decisions that are based on the greatest amount of benefit for the greatest number of individuals. It is ultimately guided by the benefits outweighing the risks (Mandal, Ponnambath, Parija, 2016). In the case of PGD and savior siblings, studies have shown that families motivating factors in choosing to go through the process were to avoid suffering of the existing child, the desire to improve the health and quality of their child as well as the desire to raise a child that is healthy (Garzon, Rubin, Lobel, Stelling, Pastore, 2017). These motivating factors align with the utilitarian point of view because they are rooted in the result being good for the parents and the existing child. In line with the utilitarian ethical theory, the benefit of going through with PGD and conceiving a child that will be able to help the existing child outweighs the risks and is done for the overall wellbeing and good of the family. In regard to the poten tial disposal of unselected embryos during the PGD process, the utilitarian viewpoint would view that as ethical because unselected embryos present with the risk of being born with genetic diseases and studies have shown that families who consider PGD would feel guilty and see no benefit in passing on genetic health problems to future generations (Pastore et al., 2017). Deontological Viewpoint According to Jacob and Cherry (2017), the deontological view point is rooted in the belief that ethics are to be based on the principle of consistently acting one way and doing what is right. This is a contrast to the utilitarian viewpoint because it is centered on harm being unacceptable (Mendal et al., 2016). The originator of the deontology theory, Immanuel Kant, believed that human beings should not be treated as a means to an end but as an end in themselves (BBC, 2014). The deontological stance views the process of PGD and conceiving a savior sibling as unethical because it violates human rights by disregarding the dignity of the savior sibling for the sake of the overall good and social well-being (Zuniga-Fajuri, 2018). According to Zuniga-Fajuri (2018), studies have shown that infant donors have an increase in anxiety and stress. The article goes to state that there are a number of physiological problems that infant donors deal with that arise from the medicines given for anes thesia during the transplant procedure and the adverse effects of the transplant itself. In cases of bone marrow transplant, problems such as fatigue, pain, bleeding, headaches, nausea, and difficulty walking, and sleeping were all reported. From the deontological viewpoint, the decision to have a savior sibling would be wrong because it violates the sibling and does harm to them as an individual. In regard to the potential disposal of unselected embryos during the PGD process, the deontological viewpoint would view that as unethical because there is the belief that at the time of conception there comes into existence a new life a living cell from the father fertilizes a living cell from the mother Each such new life is the life not of a potential human being but of a human being with potential (Dickens, 2016, p. 115). Conclusion The utilitarian theory and the deontological theory provide opposing views on the ethics of savior siblings and PGD conception. While the utilitarian theory would deem the conception of a savior sibling as right because the result would benefit the sick sibling and allow for treatment of the illness, the deontological theory deems it as wrong because harm would be done to the savior sibling as they would be seen as a means to an end.

How Poetry Has Never Been An Easy Part Of The English...

Poetry has never been an easy part of the English curriculum for me. I don’t know if it was because of my age or my teachers, but I feel like I never received a solid basic understanding of poetry in middle school. All my teachers since then have assumed that I understand poetic devices and the different terms used to analyze poetry. When I was handed the first sheet of poems in college, I was terrified. But the second paper I was given gave me hope. It was a list poetry terminology along with their definitions, something I hadn’t seen since middle school. While I still found it difficult to interpret the poems written by Mary Oliver, the class discussions after helped a lot. I found meanings in Oliver’s â€Å"Snails† and â€Å"Porcupine† that I had not seen before. I found these poems very easy to relate to. â€Å"Enemies of a House† by John Updike, however, was one poem I was able to relate to without the help of the class or the poetry ter minology sheet. These three poems, â€Å"Enemies of a House†, â€Å"Snails†, and â€Å"Porcupine† were the easiest for me to comprehend and relate back to my own life and personal experiences. â€Å"Enemies of a House† by John Updike begins by listing and describing some of the physical enemies of a house. Dry rot intruding where the wood is wet; hot sun that shrinks roof shingles so they leak and bakes pane-putty into crumbs; (Updike). The poem continues to list physical aspects of destruction and finally ends with three emotional aspects. â€Å"Adultery; drink; death†Show MoreRelatedEssay about Jamaican Patois4705 Words   |  19 PagesJamaican Patois Jamaican Patois, otherwise known as Patwa, Afro. Jamaican, just plain Jamaican or, Creole, is a language that has been until quite recently referred to asungrammatical English.(Adams, 199 1, p . I 1) Creole languages are actually not unique to Jamaica, they are found on every continent although their speakers often do not realize what they are. 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Group Dynamics For Teams Sage Publications â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Group Dynamics For Teams Sage Publications? Answer: Introduction In todays competitive world, teamwork or group in the workplace has become an important and common activity. Working in groups is challenging because different individuals have different personalities and opinions. The companies are fostering team work because it creates a healthy working environment and people are inspired to work and contribute more in their work. I am working as a team leader of a global IT company. There three different teams in my company. As the company is a start-up venture, the employees has to give their innovative ideas and work dedicatedly for the development of the company. The group in which I am involved consists of 12 members. There is an assistant team leader in every group who assist the members. The members in my group are every co-operative and they always support the team in difficult times. Though the team has emerged recently with 12 new joinees but the employees are very friendly and support each other in their work. Meetings are held in differ ent teams from time to time to discuss the different issues which are faced in the team. The employees also give their required feedbacks and opinion which will help to develop and improve the group (Silk et al., 2014). Communication and interaction pattern Whenever people are together in a group, they communicate and share their ideas. This communication may be helpful as well as harmful to the group. I communicate with my team members on a regular basis and this helps me to understand their problems and solve their problems. This also helps me in maintaining proper relationships with my team members. Proper communication and interaction pattern has also helped me to present a unified image in the group. The best way which I adopt is to observe, assess and understand my team members. Proper communication and interaction is vital so as to understand the goals of the group. It also helps in enhancing proper relationship among the group members. As I am the team leader of a small group, communication makes it easier for me to co-ordinate their efforts. Moreover, the other members who have joined the team recently also feel motivated and satisfied of working in the group. It also becomes easier to share information for me if all the member s communicate properly in the group. I can also analyze the personal contribution of the employees and understand their problems through proper communication. If there are more than 12 members in my group, it will be difficult for me to manage the entire team as I cannot personally interact with the team members. I will have no time to appreciate or motivate them. Thus, the relationship will get distorted if there is no proper communication and interaction among the employees (Schnzel Smith, 2014). Group cohesion Cohesion includes the degree to which the individuals in a group will work to achieve the goals. The members in a group must have a common goals and visions. They must also have common interest. The members must have constant touch with each other and there must be effective interpersonal communication within the group members. It is also important that the members interact with each other in a group. In may team, it can be said that we had close relation with each other. It was not only my duty to understand the problems of the team members but there were senior members who also helped the junior team members. We always tried to work towards the common goals and aims of the company. This has helped and motivated us and thus helped my team members to perform better(Mulvey, Rizzo Killen, 2016). Social integration and influence Social integration is the status, role and norm of group dynamics that helps the members to stay fit and be accepted in the group. These norms, rules and status helps to avoid personal conflict between the members in the group. The group cannot function effectively and fairly if there is no proper social integration within the team members. Moreover, social influence may have both normative and informational influence. Normative influence helps in fulfilling the desired requirements of the team members whereas informational influence is accepting and persuasion of the information which is provided by other members in the group. If there is too much compliance and conformity within the team, it results in strong social influence in the hierarchies and roles and thus affects group work. This can also have negative influence on the team members because the members cannot contribute their ideas and creativity for the development of the team(Kolstad, Pires Wiig, 2017). There is also cert ain accounting of predictability, compliances and conformity which is necessary to help the members to understand their desired goals and objectives. In case of my team, it can be said that there is proper social integration among the members. The senior members with the assistance of the team leader and the assistant team leaders influence other members and help them to achieve their desired goals. As the team leader of the group, I personally interact with each member and try to handle their queries and problems. I also take care that there is no individual conflict between the team members so that their work life does not get affected. There should be a competitive spirit in the team which will motivate other members to perform better. Moreover, the company in which I work develop the norms which help the team members to be comfortable in their job role. The employees must feel that their perception and ideas are valued and this will motivate them for further group interaction (L evi, 2015). Group Culture Culture in a group is defined as the customs, beliefs and traditions. It is also the preferred way of doing business in the group in such a way so that the aims and goals in the business are commonly understood. The interpersonal styles of the individuals, values and preferences that come from different cultures and groups must be blended in such a way so that the group develops further (Jackson et al., 2017). It is also important to value each member in the group and thus it involves facilitating and exploring the ideas of the group members. In case of my team, it can be said that all the members in the team adhere to the common goals and objectives of the group. There are certain other organisations that have provided sponsorship to our company and thus it has helped our company to expand further. Moreover, proper interaction within the team members also facilitated group work. Multicultural differences also play an important role in group culture. As the members in the team come f rom different cultural background, it is necessary to respect their ideologies and thus help them to attain their specific goals (Hou et al., 2013). Factors which contributed to the development of both the healthy and the unhealthy aspects of group dynamics There are certain important factors which are affecting group dynamics and it is essential to understand them for the development of the team. Leadership is a vital factor which is playing an important role in group dynamics. It is often seen that the members in a group imitate the team members. In case of my team, it can be said that leadership plays an important role. The team members try to imitate the ideologies which we follow and thus contribute accordingly in the group (Dunlop, Falk Beauchamp, 2013). In certain cases, it can be said that communication plays an important role in group dynamics. In order to understand the problems of team members in the group, it is necessary to communicate and respect their ideologies so that they will feel motivated and work for the business development of the team. Moreover, as a team leader it is vital that I do not misuse my power to dominate the team. However, I must try to understand their problems and try to solve it so that they do not feel disappointed or distressed. They must be inspired so that they can contribute for the development and betterment of the company (Beauchamp Eys, 2014). Suggestions to improve group dynamics To improve the strength to team dynamics, there are certain strategies and steps which must be followed. It is important to stay focused and pay more attention to communication. Moreover, to hold a responsible position, it is necessary to define the roles and responsibilities so that the team members can follow them accordingly. It is also necessary that the team leader respects the ideologies of the members so as that they do not feel disappointed or distracted. It must also be checked that the competition among the different team does not get too serious or else it will affect the team members. Competition must be healthy and the leaders must not disrupt the competition. Moreover, loyalty also plays an important role in group dynamics and this helps the team to develop. It is also important that the personal efforts of the team members get recognition so that they will be motivated and work for the development of the team (Hogg Terry, 2014).. Reference List Beauchamp, M. R., Eys, M. A. (Eds.). (2014).Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology. Routledge. Dunlop, W. L., Falk, C. F., Beauchamp, M. R. (2013). How dynamic are exercise group dynamics? Examining changes in cohesion within class-based exercise programs.Health Psychology,32(12), 1240. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Hou, A., Parker, L. C., Balogh, M. L., McGee, S. L., Wilman, D. J., Connelly, J. L., ... Finoguenov, A. (2013). Do group dynamics play a role in the evolution of member galaxies?.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,435(2), 1715-1726. Jackson, J. C., Bilkey, D., Jong, J., Rossignac-Milon, M., Halberstadt, J. (2017). Strangers in a Stadium: Studying Group Dynamics With In Vivo Behavioral Tracking.Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1948550617709112. Kolstad, I., Pires, A. J. G., Wiig, A. (2017). Within-group heterogeneity and group dynamics: Analyzing exit of microcredit groups in Angola.Oxford Development Studies,45(3), 338-351. Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Management. Mulvey, K. L., Rizzo, M. T., Killen, M. (2016). Challenging gender stereotypes: Theory of mind and peer group dynamics.Developmental science,19(6), 999-1010. Schnzel, H. A., Smith, K. A. (2014). The socialization of families away from home: Group dynamics and family functioning on holiday.Leisure Sciences,36(2), 126-143. Silk, M. J., Croft, D. P., Tregenza, T., Bearhop, S. (2014). The importance of fissionfusion social group dynamics in birds.Ibis,156(4), 701-715.